Modified polymerases for improved incorporation of nucleotide analogues

ABSTRACT

Presented herein are polymerase enzymes for improved incorporation of nucleotide analogues, in particular nucleotides which are modified at the 3′ sugar hydroxyl, as well as methods and kits using the same.

BACKGROUND

DNA polymerases are relied upon by all organisms to replicate and maintain their genomes. They allow high fidelity replication of DNA by detecting complementarity between bases as well as recognizing additional structural features of the base. There remains a need for modified polymerases with improved incorporation of nucleotide analogues, in particular nucleotides which are modified at the 3′ sugar hydroxyl.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The present application is being filed along with a Sequence Listing in electronic format. The Sequence Listing is provided as a file entitled IP1152.TXT, created May 28, 2014, which is 186 Kb in size. The information in the electronic format of the Sequence Listing is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BRIEF SUMMARY

Presented herein are polymerase enzymes for improved incorporation of nucleotide analogues, in particular nucleotides which are modified at the 3′ sugar hydroxyl such that the substituent is larger in size than the naturally occurring 3′ hydroxyl group. The present inventors have surprisingly identified certain altered polymerases which exhibit improved incorporation of the desired analogues and have a number of other associated advantages.

In certain embodiments, the altered polymerase comprises at least one amino acid substitution mutation at the position functionally equivalent to Lys477 in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence. The wild type the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5. In certain embodiments, the substitution mutation comprises a mutation to a residue having a smaller side chain. In certain embodiments, the substitution mutation comprises a mutation to a residue having a hydrophobic side chain. In certain embodiments, the substitution mutation comprises a mutation to a methionine residue.

Also presented herein is a recombinant DNA polymerase comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 29, which recombinant DNA polymerase comprises at the position functionally equivalent to Lys477 in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence.

Also presented herein is a recombinant DNA polymerase comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 31, which recombinant DNA polymerase comprises at the position functionally equivalent to Lys477 in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence.

Also presented herein is a recombinant DNA polymerase comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 5, which recombinant DNA polymerase comprises at the position functionally equivalent to Lys477 in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence. In some embodiments, the polymerase is a DNA polymerase. The altered polymerase of claim 1, wherein the DNA polymerase is a family B type DNA polymerase. The polymerase can be, for example, a family B archael DNA polymerase, human DNA polymerase-α, T4, RB69, and phi29 phage DNA polymerases. In certain embodiments, the family B archael DNA polymerase is from a genus selected from the group consisting of Thermococcus, Pyrococcus, and Methanococcus. For example, the polymerase can be selected from the group consisting of Vent, Deep Vent, 9° N, and Pfu polymerase. In certain embodiments, the family B archael DNA polymerase is 9° N polymerase.

In some embodiments, in addition to the above mutations, the altered polymerase can further comprise substitution mutations at positions functionally equivalent to Leu408 and/or Tyr409 and/or Pro410 in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence. For example, the substitution mutations can comprise substitution mutations homologous to Leu408Ala and/or Tyr409Ala and/or Pro410Ile in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence.

In some embodiments, the altered polymerase comprises reduced exonuclease activity as compared to a wild type polymerase. For example, in certain embodiments, the altered polymerase comprises substitution mutations at positions functionally equivalent to Asp141 and/or Glu143 in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence.

In certain embodiments, the altered polymerase further comprises substitution mutations at positions functionally equivalent to Ala485 in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence. For example, in some embodiments, the polymerase comprises a substitution mutation functionally equivalent to Ala485Leu or Ala485Val in the 9° N polymerase amino acid sequence.

In certain embodiments, the altered polymerase further comprises a substitution mutation to a different amino acid at the position functionally equivalent to Cys223 in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence. For example, in certain embodiments, the altered polymerase comprises a substitution mutation functionally equivalent to Cys223Ser in the 9° N polymerase amino acid sequence.

In certain embodiments, the at least one substitution mutation comprises a mutation to the position equivalent to Thr514 and/or Ile521. For example, in certain embodiments, the altered polymerase comprises a substitution mutation functionally equivalent to Thr514Ala, Thr514Ser and/or Ile521Leu in the 9° N polymerase amino acid sequence.

In certain embodiments, the altered polymerase can comprise an additional substitution mutation to remove an internal methionine. For example, in some embodiments, the altered polymerase comprises a substitution mutation to a different amino acid at the position functionally equivalent to Met129 in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence. In certain embodiments, the altered polymerase comprises a substitution mutation functionally equivalent to Met129Ala in the 9° N polymerase amino acid sequence.

Also presented herein is an altered polymerase comprising a substitution mutation to the semi-conserved domain comprising the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 1-4, wherein the substitution mutation comprises a mutation at position 3 to any residue other than any residue other than Lys, Ile or Gln. In certain embodiments, the altered polymerase comprises a mutation to Met at position 3 of any of SEQ ID NOs: 1-4.

In some embodiments, in addition to the above mutations, the altered polymerase can further comprise substitution mutations at positions functionally equivalent to Leu408 and/or Tyr409 and/or Pro410 in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence. For example, the substitution mutations can comprise substitution mutations homologous to Leu408Ala and/or Tyr409Ala and/or Pro410Ile in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence.

In some embodiments, the altered polymerase comprises reduced exonuclease activity as compared to a wild type polymerase. For example, in certain embodiments, the altered polymerase comprises substitution mutations at positions functionally equivalent to Asp141 and/or Glu143 in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence.

In certain embodiments, the altered polymerase further comprises substitution mutations at positions functionally equivalent to Ala485 in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence. For example, in some embodiments, the polymerase comprises a substitution mutation functionally equivalent to Ala485Leu or Ala485Val in the 9° N polymerase amino acid sequence.

In certain embodiments, the altered polymerase further comprises a mutation to the position equivalent to Thr514 and/or Ile521 in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence. For example, in certain embodiments, the altered polymerase comprises a substitution mutation functionally equivalent to Thr514Ala, Thr514Ser and/or Ile521Leu in the 9° N polymerase amino acid sequence.

In certain embodiments, the altered polymerase further comprises a substitution mutation to a different amino acid at the position functionally equivalent to Cys223 in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence. For example, in certain embodiments, the altered polymerase comprises a substitution mutation functionally equivalent to Cys223Ser in the 9° N polymerase amino acid sequence.

In certain embodiments, the altered polymerase can comprise an additional substitution mutation to remove an internal methionine. For example, in some embodiments, the altered polymerase comprises a substitution mutation to a different amino acid at the position functionally equivalent to Met129 in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence. In certain embodiments, the altered polymerase comprises a substitution mutation functionally equivalent to Met129Ala in the 9° N polymerase amino acid sequence.

Also presented herein is an altered polymerase comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 6-8, 10-12, 14-16, 18-20, 22-24, 26-28, 30 and 32.

Also presented herein is a nucleic acid molecule encoding an altered polymerase as defined in any the above embodiments. Also presented herein is an expression vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule described above. Also presented herein is a host cell comprising the vector described above.

Also presented herein is a method for incorporating modified nucleotides into DNA comprising allowing the following components to interact: (i) an altered polymerase according to any of the above embodiments, (ii) a DNA template; and (iii) a nucleotide solution. In certain embodiments, the DNA template comprises a clustered array.

Also provided herein is a kit for performing a nucleotide incorporation reaction comprising: a polymerase as defined in any of the above embodiments and a nucleotide solution. In certain embodiments, the nucleotide solution comprises labelled nucleotides. In certain embodiments, the nucleotides comprise synthetic nucleotides. In certain embodiments, the nucleotides comprise modified nucleotides. In certain embodiments, the modified nucleotides have been modified at the 3′ sugar hydroxyl such that the substituent is larger in size than the naturally occurring 3′ hydroxyl group. In certain embodiments, the modified nucleotides comprise a modified nucleotide or nucleoside molecule comprising a purine or pyrimidine base and a ribose or deoxyribose sugar moiety having a removable 3′-OH blocking group covalently attached thereto, such that the 3′ carbon atom has attached a group of the structure wherein Z is any of —C(R′)₂—O—R″, —C(R′)₂—N(R″)₂, —C(R′)₂—N(H)R″, —C(R′)₂—S—R″ and —C(R′)₂—F,

wherein each R″ is or is part of a removable protecting group;

each R′ is independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl, substituted alkyl, arylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic, acyl, cyano, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy or amido group, or a detectable label attached through a linking group; or (R′)₂ represents an alkylidene group of formula ═C(R″′)₂ wherein each R″′ may be the same or different and is selected from the group comprising hydrogen and halogen atoms and alkyl groups; and

wherein the molecule may be reacted to yield an intermediate in which each R″ is exchanged for H or, where Z is —C(R′)₂—F, the F is exchanged for OH, SH or NH₂, preferably OH, which intermediate dissociates under aqueous conditions to afford a molecule with a free 3′OH;

with the proviso that where Z is —C(R′)₂—S—R″, both R′ groups are not H.

In certain embodiments, R′ of the modified nucleotide or nucleoside is an alkyl or substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, —Z of the modified nucleotide or nucleoside is of formula —C(R′)₂—N₃. In certain embodiments, Z is an azidomethyl group.

In certain embodiments, the modified nucleotides are fluorescently labelled to allow their detection. In certain embodiments, the modified nucleotides comprise a nucleotide or nucleoside having a base attached to a detectable label via a cleavable linker. In certain embodiments, the detectable label comprises a fluorescent label. In certain embodiments, the kit further comprises one or more DNA template molecules and/or primers.

The details of one or more embodiments are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic showing alignment of polymerase amino acid sequences from Thermococcus sp. 9° N-7 (9° N), 9° N polymerase T514S/I521L mutant (Pol957), Thermococcus gorgonarius (TGO), Thermococcus kodakaraensis (KOD1), Pyrococcus furiosus (Pfu), Methanococcus maripaludis (MMS2) and RB69 phage DNA polymerase. The numbering shown represents the numbering of amino acid residues in 9° N polymerase.

FIG. 2 is a schematic showing two highlighted portions of the alignment shown in FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Presented herein are polymerase enzymes for improved incorporation of nucleotide analogues, in particular nucleotides which are modified at the 3′ sugar hydroxyl such that the substituent is larger in size than the naturally occurring 3′ hydroxyl group. The present inventors have surprisingly identified certain altered polymerases which exhibit improved incorporation of the desired analogues and have a number of other associated advantages.

As described in greater detail hereinbelow, the inventors have surprisingly found that one or more mutations to one or more residues in the polymerase result in profound increases in turnover rate and reduction in pyrophosphorolysis. These altered polymerases have improved performance in DNA sequencing by synthesis (SBS) and result in reduced phasing and/or pre-phasing errors.

As used herein, the term “phasing” refers to a phenomenon in SBS that is caused by incomplete incorporation of a nucleotide in some portion of DNA strands within clusters by polymerases at a given sequencing cycle. The term “pre-phasing” refers to a phenomenon in SBS that is caused by the incorporation of nucleotides without effective 3′ terminators, causing the incorporation event to go 1 cycle ahead. Phasing and pre-phasing cause the extracted intensities for a specific cycle to consist of the signal of the current cycle as well as noise from the preceding and following cycles. As the number of cycles increases, the fraction of sequences per cluster affected by phasing increases, hampering the identification of the correct base. Phasing can be caused, for example, by a polymerase which performs the reverse reaction of nucleotide incorporation, as is known to happen under conditions conducive to pyrophosphorolysis. Accordingly, the discovery of altered polymerases which decrease the incidence of phasing and/or pre-phasing is surprising and provides a great advantage in SBS applications. For example, the altered polymerases provide faster SBS cycle time, lower phasing and pre-phasing values, and longer sequencing read length. The characterization of altered polymerases as provided herein is set forth in the Example section below.

In certain embodiments, the substitution mutation comprises a mutation to a residue having a smaller side chain. The relative sizes of amino acid side chains are well known in the art and can be compared using any known metric, including steric effects and/or electron density. Thus, one example of amino acids set forth in order of increasing size would be G, A, S, C, V, T, P, I, L, D, N, E, Q, M, K, H, F, Y, R, W. In certain embodiments, the substitution mutation comprises a mutation to a residue having a hydrophobic side chain such as A, I, L, V, F, W, Y.

Also presented herein is an altered polymerase comprising a substitution mutation to a semi-conserved domain of the polymerase. As used herein, the term “semi-conserved domain” refers to a portion of polymerase that is fully conserved, or at least partially conserved among various species. It has been surprisingly discovered that mutation of one or more residues in the semi-conserved domain affects the polymerase activity in the presence of 3′ blocked nucleotides, resulting in profound increases in turnover rate and reduction in pyrophosphorolysis. These altered polymerases have improved performance in DNA sequencing by synthesis and result in reduced phasing errors, as described in the Example section below.

In some embodiments, the semi-conserved domain comprises amino acids having the sequence set forth in any of SEQ ID NOs: 1-4. SEQ ID NOs: 1-4 correspond to residues in the semi-conserved domain among various species. SEQ ID NO: 4 corresponds to residues 475-492 of the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence, which is set forth herein as SEQ ID NO: 5. An alignment showing the conservation among various species in the semi-conserved domain is set forth in FIGS. 1 and 2. The polymerase sequences shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 were obtained from Genbank database accession numbers Q56366 (9° N DNA polymerase), NP_(—)577941 (Pfu), YP_(—)182414 (KOD1), NP_(—)987500 (MMS2), AAP75958 (RB69), P56689 (TGo).

Mutations to one or more residues in the semi-conserved domain have been surprisingly found to increases in turnover rate and reduction in pyrophosphorolysis, resulting in reduced phasing errors. For example, in some embodiments of the altered polymerases presented herein, the substitution mutation comprises a mutation at position 3 of any of SEQ ID NOs: 1-4 to any residue other than other than Lys, Ile or Gln. In certain embodiments, the altered polymerase comprises a mutation to Met at position 3 of any of SEQ ID NOs: 1-4.

In some embodiments, the polymerase is a DNA polymerase. In certain embodiments, the DNA polymerase is a family B type DNA polymerase. The polymerase can be, for example, a family B archael DNA polymerase, human DNA polymerase-α, and phage polymerases. Any phage polymerase can be used in the embodiments presented herein, including, for example phage polymerases such as T4, RB69, and phi29 phage DNA polymerases.

Family B archael DNA polymerases are well known in the art as exemplified by the disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 8,283,149, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. In certain embodiments the archael DNA polymerase is from hyperthermophilic archea, which means that the polymerases are often thermostable.

Accordingly, in a further preferred embodiment the polymerase is selected from Vent, Deep Vent, 9° N and Pfu polymerase. Vent and Deep Vent are commercial names used for family B DNA polymerases isolated from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus litoralis. 9° N polymerase was also identified from Thermococcus sp. Pfu polymerase was isolated from Pyrococcus furiosus.

In certain embodiments, the family B archael DNA polymerase is from a genus such as, for example those of the genus Thermococcus, Pyrococcus and Methanococcus. Members of the genus Thermococcus are well known in the art and include, but are not limited to Thermococcus 4557, Thermococcus barophilus, Thermococcus gammatolerans, Thermococcus onnurineus, Thermococcus sibiricus, Thermococcus kodakarensis, Thermococcus gorgonarius. Members of the genus Pyrococcus are well known in the art and include, but are not limited to Pyrococcus NA2, Pyrococcus abyssi, Pyrococcus furiosus, Pyrococcus horikoshii, Pyrococcus yayanosii, Pyrococcus endeavori, Pyrococcus glycovorans, Pyrococcus woesei. Members of the genus Methanococcus are well known in the art and include, but are not limited to M aeolicus, M. maripaludis, M. vannielii, M. voltae, “M. thermolithotrophicus” and “M. jannaschii”.

For example, the polymerase can be selected from the group consisting of Vent, Deep Vent, 9° N, and Pfu polymerase. In certain embodiments, the family B archael DNA polymerase is 9° N polymerase.

Sequence Comparison, Identity, and Homology

The terms “identical” or “percent identity,” in the context of two or more nucleic acid or polypeptide sequences, refer to two or more sequences or subsequences that are the same or have a specified percentage of amino acid residues or nucleotides that are the same, when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence, as measured using one of the sequence comparison algorithms described below (or other algorithms available to persons of skill) or by visual inspection.

The phrase “substantially identical,” in the context of two nucleic acids or polypeptides (e.g., DNAs encoding a polymerase, or the amino acid sequence of a polymerase) refers to two or more sequences or subsequences that have at least about 60%, about 80%, about 90-95%, about 98%, about 99% or more nucleotide or amino acid residue identity, when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence, as measured using a sequence comparison algorithm or by visual inspection. Such “substantially identical” sequences are typically considered to be “homologous,” without reference to actual ancestry. Preferably, the “substantial identity” exists over a region of the sequences that is at least about 50 residues in length, more preferably over a region of at least about 100 residues, and most preferably, the sequences are substantially identical over at least about 150 residues, or over the full length of the two sequences to be compared.

Proteins and/or protein sequences are “homologous” when they are derived, naturally or artificially, from a common ancestral protein or protein sequence. Similarly, nucleic acids and/or nucleic acid sequences are homologous when they are derived, naturally or artificially, from a common ancestral nucleic acid or nucleic acid sequence. Homology is generally inferred from sequence similarity between two or more nucleic acids or proteins (or sequences thereof). The precise percentage of similarity between sequences that is useful in establishing homology varies with the nucleic acid and protein at issue, but as little as 25% sequence similarity over 50, 100, 150 or more residues is routinely used to establish homology. Higher levels of sequence similarity, e.g., 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 99% or more, can also be used to establish homology. Methods for determining sequence similarity percentages (e.g., BLASTP and BLASTN using default parameters) are described herein and are generally available.

For sequence comparison and homology determination, typically one sequence acts as a reference sequence to which test sequences are compared. When using a sequence comparison algorithm, test and reference sequences are input into a computer, subsequence coordinates are designated, if necessary, and sequence algorithm program parameters are designated. The sequence comparison algorithm then calculates the percent sequence identity for the test sequence(s) relative to the reference sequence, based on the designated program parameters.

Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison can be conducted, e.g., by the local homology algorithm of Smith & Waterman, Adv. Appl. Math. 2:482 (1981), by the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman & Wunsch, J. Mol. Biol. 48:443 (1970), by the search for similarity method of Pearson & Lipman, Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 85:2444 (1988), by computerized implementations of these algorithms (GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Dr., Madison, Wis.), or by visual inspection (see generally Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Ausubel et al., eds., Current Protocols, a joint venture between Greene Publishing Associates, Inc. and John Wiley & Sons, Inc., supplemented through 2004).

One example of an algorithm that is suitable for determining percent sequence identity and sequence similarity is the BLAST algorithm, which is described in Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410 (1990). Software for performing BLAST analyses is publicly available through the National Center for Biotechnology Information. This algorithm involves first identifying high scoring sequence pairs (HSPs) by identifying short words of length W in the query sequence, which either match or satisfy some positive-valued threshold score T when aligned with a word of the same length in a database sequence. T is referred to as the neighborhood word score threshold (Altschul et al., supra). These initial neighborhood word hits act as seeds for initiating searches to find longer HSPs containing them. The word hits are then extended in both directions along each sequence for as far as the cumulative alignment score can be increased. Cumulative scores are calculated using, for nucleotide sequences, the parameters M (reward score for a pair of matching residues; always >0) and N (penalty score for mismatching residues; always <0). For amino acid sequences, a scoring matrix is used to calculate the cumulative score. Extension of the word hits in each direction are halted when: the cumulative alignment score falls off by the quantity X from its maximum achieved value; the cumulative score goes to zero or below, due to the accumulation of one or more negative-scoring residue alignments; or the end of either sequence is reached. The BLAST algorithm parameters W, T, and X determine the sensitivity and speed of the alignment. The BLASTN program (for nucleotide sequences) uses as defaults a wordlength (W) of 11, an expectation (E) of 10, a cutoff of 100, M=5, N=−4, and a comparison of both strands. For amino acid sequences, the BLASTP program uses as defaults a wordlength (W) of 3, an expectation (E) of 10, and the BLOSUM62 scoring matrix (see Henikoff & Henikoff (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:10915).

In addition to calculating percent sequence identity, the BLAST algorithm also performs a statistical analysis of the similarity between two sequences (see, e.g., Karlin & Altschul, Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 90:5873-5787 (1993)). One measure of similarity provided by the BLAST algorithm is the smallest sum probability (P(N)), which provides an indication of the probability by which a match between two nucleotide or amino acid sequences would occur by chance. For example, a nucleic acid is considered similar to a reference sequence if the smallest sum probability in a comparison of the test nucleic acid to the reference nucleic acid is less than about 0.1, more preferably less than about 0.01, and most preferably less than about 0.001.

By “functionally equivalent” it is meant that the control polymerase, in the case of studies using a different polymerase entirely, will contain the amino acid substitution that is considered to occur at the amino acid position in the other polymerase that has the same functional role in the enzyme. As an example, the mutation at position 412 from Tyrosine to Valine (Y412V) in the Vent DNA polymerase would be functionally equivalent to a substitution at position 409 from Tyrosine to Valine (Y409V) in the 9° N polymerase.

Generally functionally equivalent substitution mutations in two or more different polymerases occur at homologous amino acid positions in the amino acid sequences of the polymerases. Hence, use herein of the term “functionally equivalent” also encompasses mutations that are “positionally equivalent” or “homologous” to a given mutation, regardless of whether or not the particular function of the mutated amino acid is known. It is possible to identify positionally equivalent or homologous amino acid residues in the amino acid sequences of two or more different polymerases on the basis of sequence alignment and/or molecular modelling. An example of sequence alignment to identify positionally equivalent and/or functionally equivalent residues is set forth in FIGS. 1 and 2. Thus, for example, as shown in FIG. 2, the residues in the semi-conserved domain identified as positions 475-492 of the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence. The corresponding residues in TGO, KOD1, Pfu, MmS2 and RB69 polymerases are identified in the Figure as vertically aligned and are considered positionally equivalent as well as functionally equivalent to the corresponding residue in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence.

The altered polymerases described hereinabove can comprise additional substitution mutations that are known to enhance one or more aspects of polymerase activity in the presence of 3′ blocked nucleotides and/or in DNA sequencing applications. For example, in some embodiments, in addition to any of the above mutations, the altered polymerase can further comprise substitution mutations at positions functionally equivalent to Leu408 and/or Tyr409 and/or Pro410 in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence. Any of a variety of substitution mutations at one or more of positions at positions functionally equivalent to 408-410 in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence which results in increased incorporation of blocked nucleotides can be made, as is known in the art and exemplified by the disclosure of US 2006/0240439 and US 2006/0281109, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. For example, the substitution mutations can comprise substitution mutations homologous to Leu408Ala and/or Tyr409Ala and/or Pro410Ile in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence. In certain embodiments, in addition to any of the above mutations, the altered polymerase further comprises substitution mutations at positions functionally equivalent to Ala485 in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence. For example, in some embodiments, the polymerase comprises a substitution mutation functionally equivalent to Ala485Leu or Ala485Val in the 9° N polymerase amino acid sequence.

In some embodiments, in addition to any of the above mutations, the altered polymerase can comprise reduced exonuclease activity as compared to a wild type polymerase. Any of a variety of substitution mutations at one or more of positions known to result in reduced exonuclease activity can be made, as is known in the art and exemplified by the incorporated materials of US 2006/0240439 and US 2006/0281109. For example, in some embodiments, in addition to the above mutations, the altered polymerase can further comprise substitution mutations at positions functionally equivalent to Asp141 and/or Glu143 in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence.

In certain embodiments, in addition to any of the above mutations, the altered polymerase further comprises a substitution mutation to a different amino acid at the position functionally equivalent to Cys223 in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence as is known in the art and exemplified by the incorporated materials of US 2006/0281109. For example, in certain embodiments, the altered polymerase comprises a substitution mutation functionally equivalent to Cys223Ser in the 9° N polymerase amino acid sequence.

In certain embodiments, in addition to any of the above mutations, the altered polymerase can comprise one or more mutation to the positions equivalent to Thr514 and/or Ile521 in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence as is known in the art and exemplified by the disclosure of PCT/US2013/031694, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. For example, in certain embodiments, the altered polymerase comprises a substitution mutation functionally equivalent to Thr514Ala, Thr514Ser and/or Ile521Leu in the 9° N polymerase amino acid sequence.

In certain embodiments, in addition to any of the above mutations, the altered polymerase can comprise one or more mutation to the positions equivalent to Arg713 in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence as is known in the art and exemplified by the disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 8,623,628, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. For example, in certain embodiments, the altered polymerase comprises a substitution mutation functionally equivalent to Arg713Gly, Arg713Met or Arg713Ala in the 9° N polymerase amino acid sequence.

In certain embodiments, in addition to any of the above mutations, the altered polymerase can comprise one or more mutation to the positions equivalent to Arg743 and/or Lys705 in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence, as is known in the art and exemplified by the disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 8,623,628, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. For example, in certain embodiments, the altered polymerase comprises a substitution mutation functionally equivalent to Arg743Ala and/or Lys705Ala in the 9° N polymerase amino acid sequence.

In certain embodiments, in addition to any of the above mutations, the altered polymerase can comprise one or more additional substitution mutation to remove an internal methionine. For example, in some embodiments, the altered polymerase comprises a substitution mutation to a different amino acid at the position functionally equivalent to Met129 in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence. In certain embodiments, the altered polymerase comprises a substitution mutation functionally equivalent to Met129Ala in the 9° N polymerase amino acid sequence.

Mutating Polymerases

Various types of mutagenesis are optionally used in the present disclosure, e.g., to modify polymerases to produce variants, e.g., in accordance with polymerase models and model predictions as discussed above, or using random or semi-random mutational approaches. In general, any available mutagenesis procedure can be used for making polymerase mutants. Such mutagenesis procedures optionally include selection of mutant nucleic acids and polypeptides for one or more activity of interest (e.g., reduced pyrophosphorolysis, increased turnover e.g., for a given nucleotide analog). Procedures that can be used include, but are not limited to: site-directed point mutagenesis, random point mutagenesis, in vitro or in vivo homologous recombination (DNA shuffling and combinatorial overlap PCR), mutagenesis using uracil containing templates, oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis, phosphorothioate-modified DNA mutagenesis, mutagenesis using gapped duplex DNA, point mismatch repair, mutagenesis using repair-deficient host strains, restriction-selection and restriction-purification, deletion mutagenesis, mutagenesis by total gene synthesis, degenerate PCR, double-strand break repair, and many others known to persons of skill. The starting polymerase for mutation can be any of those noted herein, including available polymerase mutants such as those identified e.g., in US 2006/0240439 and US 2006/0281109, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Optionally, mutagenesis can be guided by known information from a naturally occurring polymerase molecule, or of a known altered or mutated polymerase (e.g., using an existing mutant polymerase as noted in the preceding references), e.g., sequence, sequence comparisons, physical properties, crystal structure and/or the like as discussed above. However, in another class of embodiments, modification can be essentially random (e.g., as in classical or “family” DNA shuffling, see, e.g., Crameri et al. (1998) “DNA shuffling of a family of genes from diverse species accelerates directed evolution” Nature 391:288-291).

Additional information on mutation formats is found in: Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning—A Laboratory Manual (3rd Ed.), Vol. 1-3, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 2000 (“Sambrook”); Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, F. M. Ausubel et al., eds., Current Protocols, a joint venture between Greene Publishing Associates, Inc. and John Wiley & Sons, Inc., (supplemented through 2011) (“Ausubel”)) and PCR Protocols A Guide to Methods and Applications (Innis et al. eds) Academic Press Inc. San Diego, Calif. (1990) (“Innis”). The following publications and references cited within provide additional detail on mutation formats: Arnold, Protein engineering for unusual environments, Current Opinion in Biotechnology 4:450-455 (1993); Bass et al., Mutant Trp repressors with new DNA-binding specificities, Science 242:240-245 (1988); Bordo and Argos (1991) Suggestions for “Safe” Residue Substitutions in Site-directed Mutagenesis 217:721-729; Botstein & Shortle, Strategies and applications of in vitro mutagenesis, Science 229:1193-1201 (1985); Carter et al., Improved oligonucleotide site-directed mutagenesis using M13 vectors, Nucl. Acids Res. 13: 4431-4443 (1985); Carter, Site-directed mutagenesis, Biochem. J. 237:1-7 (1986); Carter, Improved oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis using M13 vectors, Methods in Enzymol. 154: 382-403 (1987); Dale et al., Oligonucleotide-directed random mutagenesis using the phosphorothioate method, Methods Mol. Biol. 57:369-374 (1996); Eghtedarzadeh & Henikoff, Use of oligonucleotides to generate large deletions, Nucl. Acids Res. 14: 5115 (1986); Fritz et al., Oligonucleotide-directed construction of mutations: a gapped duplex DNA procedure without enzymatic reactions in vitro, Nucl. Acids Res. 16: 6987-6999 (1988); Grundstrom et al., Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis by microscale ‘shot-gun’ gene synthesis, Nucl. Acids Res. 13: 3305-3316 (1985); Hayes (2002) Combining Computational and Experimental Screening for rapid Optimization of Protein Properties PNAS 99(25) 15926-15931; Kunkel, The efficiency of oligonucleotide directed mutagenesis, in Nucleic Acids & Molecular Biology (Eckstein, F. and Lilley, D. M. J. eds., Springer Verlag, Berlin)) (1987); Kunkel, Rapid and efficient site-specific mutagenesis without phenotypic selection, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:488-492 (1985); Kunkel et al., Rapid and efficient site-specific mutagenesis without phenotypic selection, Methods in Enzymol. 154, 367-382 (1987); Kramer et al., The gapped duplex DNA approach to oligonucleotide-directed mutation construction, Nucl. Acids Res. 12: 9441-9456 (1984); Kramer & Fritz Oligonucleotide-directed construction of mutations via gapped duplex DNA, Methods in Enzymol. 154:350-367 (1987); Kramer et al., Point Mismatch Repair, Cell 38:879-887 (1984); Kramer et al., Improved enzymatic in vitro reactions in the gapped duplex DNA approach to oligonucleotide-directed construction of mutations, Nucl. Acids Res. 16: 7207 (1988); Ling et al., Approaches to DNA mutagenesis: an overview, Anal Biochem. 254(2): 157-178 (1997); Lorimer and Pastan Nucleic Acids Res. 23, 3067-8 (1995); Mandecki, Oligonucleotide-directed double-strand break repair in plasmids of Escherichia coli: a method for site-specific mutagenesis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 83:7177-7181(1986); Nakamaye & Eckstein, Inhibition of restriction endonuclease Nci I cleavage by phosphorothioate groups and its application to oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis, Nucl. Acids Res. 14: 9679-9698 (1986); Nambiar et al., Total synthesis and cloning of a gene coding for the ribonuclease S protein, Science 223: 1299-1301(1984); Sakamar and Khorana, Total synthesis and expression of a gene for the a-subunit of bovine rod outer segment guanine nucleotide-binding protein (transducin), Nucl. Acids Res. 14: 6361-6372 (1988); Sayers et al., Y-T Exonucleases in phosphorothioate-based oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis, Nucl. Acids Res. 16:791-802 (1988); Sayers et al., Strand specific cleavage of phosphorothioate-containing DNA by reaction with restriction endonucleases in the presence of ethidium bromide, (1988) Nucl. Acids Res. 16: 803-814; Sieber, et al., Nature Biotechnology, 19:456-460 (2001); Smith, In vitro mutagenesis, Ann. Rev. Genet. 19:423-462 (1985); Methods in Enzymol. 100: 468-500 (1983); Methods in Enzymol. 154: 329-350 (1987); Stemmer, Nature 370, 389-91(1994); Taylor et al., The use of phosphorothioate-modified DNA in restriction enzyme reactions to prepare nicked DNA, Nucl. Acids Res. 13: 8749-8764 (1985); Taylor et al., The rapid generation of oligonucleotide-directed mutations at high frequency using phosphorothioate-modified DNA, Nucl. Acids Res. 13: 8765-8787 (1985); Wells et al., Importance of hydrogen-bond formation in stabilizing the transition state of subtilisin, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 317: 415-423 (1986); Wells et al., Cassette mutagenesis: an efficient method for generation of multiple mutations at defined sites, Gene 34:315-323 (1985); Zoller & Smith, Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis using M 13-derived vectors: an efficient and general procedure for the production of point mutations in any DNA fragment, Nucleic Acids Res. 10:6487-6500 (1982); Zoller & Smith, Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis of DNA fragments cloned into M13 vectors, Methods in Enzymol. 100:468-500 (1983); Zoller & Smith, Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis: a simple method using two oligonucleotide primers and a single-stranded DNA template, Methods in Enzymol. 154:329-350 (1987); Clackson et al. (1991) “Making antibody fragments using phage display libraries” Nature 352:624-628; Gibbs et al. (2001) “Degenerate oligonucleotide gene shuffling (DOGS): a method for enhancing the frequency of recombination with family shuffling” Gene 271:13-20; and Hiraga and Arnold (2003) “General method for sequence-independent site-directed chimeragenesis: J. Mol. Biol. 330:287-296. Additional details on many of the above methods can be found in Methods in Enzymology Volume 154, which also describes useful controls for trouble-shooting problems with various mutagenesis methods.

Making and Isolating Recombinant Polymerases

Generally, nucleic acids encoding a polymerase as presented herein can be made by cloning, recombination, in vitro synthesis, in vitro amplification and/or other available methods. A variety of recombinant methods can be used for expressing an expression vector that encodes a polymerase as presented herein. Methods for making recombinant nucleic acids, expression and isolation of expressed products are well known and described in the art. A number of exemplary mutations and combinations of mutations, as well as strategies for design of desirable mutations, are described herein. Methods for making and selecting mutations in the active site of polymerases, including for modifying steric features in or near the active site to permit improved access by nucleotide analogs are found hereinabove and, e.g., in WO 2007/076057 and PCT/US2007/022459, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

Additional useful references for mutation, recombinant and in vitro nucleic acid manipulation methods (including cloning, expression, PCR, and the like) include Berger and Kimmel, Guide to Molecular Cloning Techniques, Methods in Enzymology volume 152 Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, Calif. (Berger); Kaufman et al. (2003) Handbook of Molecular and Cellular Methods in Biology and Medicine Second Edition Ceske (ed) CRC Press (Kaufman); and The Nucleic Acid Protocols Handbook Ralph Rapley (ed) (2000) Cold Spring Harbor, Humana Press Inc (Rapley); Chen et al. (ed) PCR Cloning Protocols, Second Edition (Methods in Molecular Biology, volume 192) Humana Press; and in Viljoen et al. (2005)Molecular Diagnostic PCR Handbook Springer, ISBN 1402034032.

In addition, a plethora of kits are commercially available for the purification of plasmids or other relevant nucleic acids from cells, (see, e.g., EasyPrep™, FlexiPrep™both from Pharmacia Biotech; StrataClean™, from Stratagene; and, QIAprep™from Qiagen). Any isolated and/or purified nucleic acid can be further manipulated to produce other nucleic acids, used to transfect cells, incorporated into related vectors to infect organisms for expression, and/or the like. Typical cloning vectors contain transcription and translation terminators, transcription and translation initiation sequences, and promoters useful for regulation of the expression of the particular target nucleic acid. The vectors optionally comprise generic expression cassettes containing at least one independent terminator sequence, sequences permitting replication of the cassette in eukaryotes, or prokaryotes, or both, (e.g., shuttle vectors) and selection markers for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. Vectors are suitable for replication and integration in prokaryotes, eukaryotes, or both.

Other useful references, e.g. for cell isolation and culture (e.g., for subsequent nucleic acid isolation) include Freshney (1994) Culture of Animal Cells, a Manual of Basic Technique, third edition, Wiley-Liss, New York and the references cited therein; Payne et al. (1992) Plant Cell and Tissue Culture in Liquid Systems John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, N.Y.; Gamborg and Phillips (eds) (1995) Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture; Fundamental Methods Springer Lab Manual, Springer-Verlag (Berlin Heidelberg New York) and Atlas and Parks (eds) The Handbook of Microbiological Media (1993) CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.

Nucleic acids encoding the recombinant polymerases of disclosed herein are also a feature of embodiments presented herein. A particular amino acid can be encoded by multiple codons, and certain translation systems (e.g., prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells) often exhibit codon bias, e.g., different organisms often prefer one of the several synonymous codons that encode the same amino acid. As such, nucleic acids presented herein are optionally “codon optimized,” meaning that the nucleic acids are synthesized to include codons that are preferred by the particular translation system being employed to express the polymerase. For example, when it is desirable to express the polymerase in a bacterial cell (or even a particular strain of bacteria), the nucleic acid can be synthesized to include codons most frequently found in the genome of that bacterial cell, for efficient expression of the polymerase. A similar strategy can be employed when it is desirable to express the polymerase in a eukaryotic cell, e.g., the nucleic acid can include codons preferred by that eukaryotic cell.

A variety of protein isolation and detection methods are known and can be used to isolate polymerases, e.g., from recombinant cultures of cells expressing the recombinant polymerases presented herein. A variety of protein isolation and detection methods are well known in the art, including, e.g., those set forth in R. Scopes, Protein Purification, Springer-Verlag, N.Y. (1982); Deutscher, Methods in Enzymology Vol. 182: Guide to Protein Purification, Academic Press, Inc. N.Y. (1990); Sandana (1997) Bioseparation of Proteins, Academic Press, Inc.; Bollag et al. (1996) Protein Methods, 2.sup.nd Edition Wiley-Liss, NY; Walker (1996) The Protein Protocols Handbook Humana Press, NJ, Harris and Angal (1990) Protein Purification Applications: A Practical Approach IRL Press at Oxford, Oxford, England; Harris and Angal Protein Purification Methods: A Practical Approach IRL Press at Oxford, Oxford, England; Scopes (1993) Protein Purification: Principles and Practice 3.sup.rd Edition Springer Verlag, NY; Janson and Ryden (1998) Protein Purification: Principles, High Resolution Methods and Applications, Second Edition Wiley-VCH, NY; and Walker (1998) Protein Protocols on CD-ROM Humana Press, NJ; and the references cited therein. Additional details regarding protein purification and detection methods can be found in Satinder Ahuja ed., Handbook of Bioseparations, Academic Press (2000).

Methods of Use

The altered polymerases presented herein can be used in a sequencing procedure, such as a sequencing-by-synthesis (SBS) technique. Briefly, SBS can be initiated by contacting the target nucleic acids with one or more labeled nucleotides, DNA polymerase, etc. Those features where a primer is extended using the target nucleic acid as template will incorporate a labeled nucleotide that can be detected. Optionally, the labeled nucleotides can further include a reversible termination property that terminates further primer extension once a nucleotide has been added to a primer. For example, a nucleotide analog having a reversible terminator moiety can be added to a primer such that subsequent extension cannot occur until a deblocking agent is delivered to remove the moiety. Thus, for embodiments that use reversible termination, a deblocking reagent can be delivered to the flow cell (before or after detection occurs). Washes can be carried out between the various delivery steps. The cycle can then be repeated n times to extend the primer by n nucleotides, thereby detecting a sequence of length n. Exemplary SBS procedures, fluidic systems and detection platforms that can be readily adapted for use with an array produced by the methods of the present disclosure are described, for example, in Bentley et al., Nature 456:53-59 (2008), WO 04/018497; WO 91/06678; WO 07/123744; U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,057,026; 7,329,492; 7,211,414; 7,315,019 or 7,405,281, and US Pat. App. Pub. No. 2008/0108082 A1, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

Other sequencing procedures that use cyclic reactions can be used, such as pyrosequencing. Pyrosequencing detects the release of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) as particular nucleotides are incorporated into a nascent nucleic acid strand (Ronaghi, et al., Analytical Biochemistry 242(1), 84-9 (1996); Ronaghi, Genome Res. 11(1), 3-11 (2001); Ronaghi et al. Science 281(5375), 363 (1998); U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,210,891; 6,258,568 and 6,274,320, each of which is incorporated herein by reference). In pyrosequencing, released PPi can be detected by being converted to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by ATP sulfurylase, and the resulting ATP can be detected via luciferase-produced photons. Thus, the sequencing reaction can be monitored via a luminescence detection system. Excitation radiation sources used for fluorescence based detection systems are not necessary for pyrosequencing procedures. Useful fluidic systems, detectors and procedures that can be used for application of pyrosequencing to arrays of the present disclosure are described, for example, in WIPO Pat. App. Ser. No. PCT/US11/57111, US Pat. App. Pub. No. 2005/0191698 A1, U.S. Pat. No. 7,595,883, and U.S. Pat. No. 7,244,559, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

Some embodiments can utilize methods involving the real-time monitoring of DNA polymerase activity. For example, nucleotide incorporations can be detected through fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) interactions between a fluorophore-bearing polymerase and y-phosphate-labeled nucleotides, or with zeromode waveguides. Techniques and reagents for FRET-based sequencing are described, for example, in Levene et al. Science 299, 682-686 (2003); Lundquist et al. Opt. Lett. 33, 1026-1028 (2008); Korlach et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, 1176-1181 (2008), the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Some SBS embodiments include detection of a proton released upon incorporation of a nucleotide into an extension product. For example, sequencing based on detection of released protons can use an electrical detector and associated techniques that are commercially available from Ion Torrent (Guilford, C T, a Life Technologies subsidiary) or sequencing methods and systems described in US Pat. App. Pub. Nos. 2009/0026082 A1; 2009/0127589 A1; 2010/0137143 A1; or 2010/0282617 A1, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

Accordingly, presented herein are methods for incorporating nucleotide analogues into DNA comprising allowing the following components to interact: (i) an altered polymerase according to any of the above embodiments, (ii) a DNA template; and (iii) a nucleotide solution. In certain embodiments, the DNA template comprises a clustered array. In certain embodiments, the nucleotides are modified at the 3′ sugar hydroxyl, and include modifications at the 3′ sugar hydroxyl such that the substituent is larger in size than the naturally occurring 3′ hydroxyl group.

Nucleic Acids Encoding Altered Polymerases

Further presented herein are nucleic acid molecules encoding the altered polymerase enzymes presented herein. For any given altered polymerase which is a mutant version of a polymerase for which the amino acid sequence and preferably also the wild type nucleotide sequence encoding the polymerase is known, it is possible to obtain a nucleotide sequence encoding the mutant according to the basic principles of molecular biology. For example, given that the wild type nucleotide sequence encoding 9° N polymerase is known, it is possible to deduce a nucleotide sequence encoding any given mutant version of 9° N having one or more amino acid substitutions using the standard genetic code. Similarly, nucleotide sequences can readily be derived for mutant versions other polymerases such as, for example, Vent™, Pfu, Tsp JDF-3, Taq, etc. Nucleic acid molecules having the required nucleotide sequence may then be constructed using standard molecular biology techniques known in the art.

In accordance with the embodiments presented herein, a defined nucleic acid includes not only the identical nucleic acid but also any minor base variations including, in particular, substitutions in cases which result in a synonymous codon (a different codon specifying the same amino acid residue) due to the degenerate code in conservative amino acid substitutions. The term “nucleic acid sequence” also includes the complementary sequence to any single stranded sequence given regarding base variations.

The nucleic acid molecules described herein may also, advantageously, be included in a suitable expression vector to express the polymerase proteins encoded therefrom in a suitable host. Incorporation of cloned DNA into a suitable expression vector for subsequent transformation of said cell and subsequent selection of the transformed cells is well known to those skilled in the art as provided in Sambrook et al. (1989), Molecular cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Such an expression vector includes a vector having a nucleic acid according to the embodiments presented herein operably linked to regulatory sequences, such as promoter regions, that are capable of effecting expression of said DNA fragments. The term “operably linked” refers to a juxtaposition wherein the components described are in a relationship permitting them to function in their intended manner. Such vectors may be transformed into a suitable host cell to provide for the expression of a protein according to the embodiments presented herein.

The nucleic acid molecule may encode a mature protein or a protein having a prosequence, including that encoding a leader sequence on the preprotein which is then cleaved by the host cell to form a mature protein. The vectors may be, for example, plasmid, virus or phage vectors provided with an origin of replication, and optionally a promoter for the expression of said nucleotide and optionally a regulator of the promoter. The vectors may contain one or more selectable markers, such as, for example, an antibiotic resistance gene.

Regulatory elements required for expression include promoter sequences to bind RNA polymerase and to direct an appropriate level of transcription initiation and also translation initiation sequences for ribosome binding. For example, a bacterial expression vector may include a promoter such as the lac promoter and for translation initiation the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and the start codon AUG. Similarly, a eukaryotic expression vector may include a heterologous or homologous promoter for RNA polymerase II, a downstream polyadenylation signal, the start codon AUG, and a termination codon for detachment of the ribosome. Such vectors may be obtained commercially or be assembled from the sequences described by methods well known in the art.

Transcription of DNA encoding the polymerase by higher eukaryotes may be optimised by including an enhancer sequence in the vector. Enhancers are cis-acting elements of DNA that act on a promoter to increase the level of transcription. Vectors will also generally include origins of replication in addition to the selectable markers.

EXAMPLE 1 General Assay Methods and Conditions

The following paragraphs describe general assay conditions used in the Examples presented below.

1. Gel-based Assay

This section describes a gel-based assay used in the examples below for monitoring the pyrophosphorolytic activity of a polymerase.

Briefly, the pyrophosphorolytic activity of an exemplary modified polymerase was measured by mixing 300 nM enzyme and 100 nM duplex primer-template DNA with different concentrations (0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mM) of sodium pyrophosphate, respectively, in the reaction buffer containing: 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 9.0), 50 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 6 mM MgSO4, and 0.05% (v/v) Tween-20. Reactions were performed at 55° C. for 1 minute, and stopped by adding an equal volume of 2× quench solution containing 0.025% bromophenol blue, 30 mM EDTA and 95% deionized formamide.

The reaction products were denatured at 95° C. for 5 min and resolved in 15% 7M urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (urea-PAGE). The results were visualized by scanning the gel with the GE Healthcare Typhoon 8000 PhosphorImager.

The duplex primer-template duplex was formed by annealing the following oligonucleotides:

Primer: 5′-GCTTGCACAGGTGCGTTCGT*-3′ Template: 5′-CGTTAGTCCACGAACGCACCTGTGCAAGC-3′

This primer comprises a 6-Carboxytetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA) fluorescent dye linked to the 5′ terminal of oligonucleotide. The last “T*” contains a 3′-O azido methyl blockage moiety on the nucleotide. Lanes showing degradation of the labeled primer indicate enhanced pyrophosphorolysis (reverse reaction of DNA polymerization) compared to control.

2. Cloning and Expression of Polymerases

This section describes the approach used for cloning and expression of the various polymerase mutants used in the Examples below.

Mutagenesis was performed on the gene encoding the backbone gene sequence for the polymerase using standard site-directed mutagenesis methodology. For each mutation made, proper sequence of the mutated genes was confirmed by sequencing the cloned gene sequence.

The polymerase genes were subcloned into a pET11a vector and transformed into BL21 Star (DE3) expression cells from Invitrogen. The transformed cells were cultured at 37° C. in 2.8 L Fernbock flasks until an OD600 of 0.8 was reached. Protein expression was then induced by addition of 1 mM IPTG, followed by 3 hours of additional growth. The cultures were then centrifuged at 7000 rpm for 20 minutes. Cell pellets were stored at −20° C. until purification.

Bacterial cell lysis was performed by resuspending the frozen cultures in 10× w/v lysis buffer (Tris pH 7.5, 500 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT). EDTA free protease inhibitor (Roche) was added to the resuspended cell pellet. All lysis and purification steps were performed at 4° C. The resuspended culture was passed through a microfluidizer four times to complete cell lysis. The lysate was then centrifuged at 20,000 rpm for 20 minutes to remove cell debris. Polyethylenimine (final concentration 0.5%) was added to the supernatant slowly with stirring for 45 minutes to precipitate bacterial nucleic acid. The lysate was centrifuged at 20,000 rpm for 20 minutes; the pellet was discarded. The lysate was then ammonium sulfate precipitated using two volumes of cold saturated (NH4)2SO4 in sterile dH2O. The precipitated protein was centrifuged at 20,000 rpm for 20 minutes. The protein pellets were resuspended in 250 mL of Buffer A (50 mM Tris pH 7.5, 50 mM KCl, 0.1 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT). The resuspended lysate was then purified using a 5 mL SP FastFlow column (GE) pre-equilibrated in buffer A. The column was eluted using a 50 mL gradient from 0.1 to 1M KCl. Peak fractions were pooled and diluted with buffer C (Tris pH 7.5, 0.1 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT) until the conductivity was equal to buffer D (Tris pH 7.5, 50 mM KCl, 0.1 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT). The pooled fractions were then loaded onto a 5 mL HiTrap Heparin Fastflow column. The polymerase was then eluted using a 100 mL gradient from 50 mM to 1M KCl. Peak fractions were pooled, dialyzed into storage buffer (20 mM Tris pH 7.5, 300 mM KCl, 0.1 mM EDTA, 50% Glycerol) and frozen at −80° C.

3. Phasing/Pre-phasing Analysis

This section describes the approach used for to analyze performance of the polymerase mutants used in the Examples below in a sequencing by synthesis assay.

Short 12-cycle sequencing experiments were used to generate phasing and pre-phasing values. The experiments were carried out on an Illumina Genome Analyzer system that was converted to a single lane system running the MiSeq Fast chemistry (Illumina, Inc., San Diego, Calif.), according to manufacturer instructions. For example, for each polymerase, a separate incorporation mixes (IMX) was generated and a 4×12 cycles run was performed using a different position for each IMX. Standard MiSeq reagent formulations were used, with the standard polymerase substituted with the polymerase being tested. The DNA library used was made following the standard TruSeq HT protocol from PhiX genomic DNA (supplied as control with Illumina reagents). Illumina RTA Software was used to evaluate phasing and pre-phasing levels.

EXAMPLE 2

Identification and Screen of 9° N polymerase Mutants for Phasing/Pre-Phasing A saturation mutagenesis screen of residues in the 3′ block pocket is performed. Mutations to two modified 9° N polymerase backbone sequence (SEQ ID NO: 29 and 31) are generated, cloned, expressed and purified as described generally in Example 1.

The purified mutant polymerases are screened for burst kinetics using the gel-based assay described above in Example 1 and compared to the control polymerase having the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 29 and 31. Of those mutants that are screened, a panel of mutants, including the following mutants, are further screened for phasing/pre-phasing activity as described above in Example 1.

Results of the screen are summarized in the table below. As shown in the table, each of the above mutants shows unexpected and significant improvements in one or more of phasing and pre-phasing when compared to the control polymerases, Pol957 or Pol955.

Mutation Phasing reduction (name) SEQ ID NO: compared to control? Control 29 — K477M 30 Yes Control 31 — K477M 32 Yes

EXAMPLE 3 Screen of Mutants of 9° N WT Polymerase

Mutations to a Thermococcus sp. 9° N-7 (9° N) wild type polymerase backbone sequence (SEQ ID NO: 5) are generated, cloned, expressed and purified as described generally in Example 1, producing polymerase enzymes having the amino acid sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 6-8.

The purified mutant polymerases are screened for burst kinetics using the gel-based assay described above in Example 1 and compared to the control polymerase having the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5. Of those mutants that are screened, a panel of mutants are further screened for phasing/pre-phasing activity as generally described above in Example 1. Those polymerases having the following mutations are shown to have improved phasing and/or pre-phasing activity compared to the control:

Mutant SEQ ID NO: K477M 6 K477M 7 L408A Y409A P410I K477M 7 L408A Y409A P410V K477M 7 L408A Y409A P410A K477M 8 Y409A

EXAMPLE 4 Screen of Mutants of 9° N Exo⁻ Polymerase

Mutations to 9° N Exo⁻ polymerase backbone sequence (SEQ ID NO: 9) are generated, cloned, expressed and purified as described generally in Example 1, producing polymerase enzymes having the amino acid sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 10-12.

The purified mutant polymerases are screened for burst kinetics using the gel-based assay described above in Example 1 and compared to the control polymerase having the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9. Of those mutants that are screened, a panel of mutants are further screened for phasing/pre-phasing activity as generally described above in Example 1. Those polymerases having the following mutations are shown to have improved phasing and/or pre-phasing activity compared to the control:

Mutant SEQ ID NO: K477M 10 K477M 11 L408A Y409A P410I K477M 11 L408A Y409A P410V K477M 11 L408A Y409A P410A K477M 12 Y409A

EXAMPLE 5 Screen of Mutants of Altered 9° N Polymerase

Mutations to an altered 9° N polymerase backbone sequence (SEQ ID NO: 13) are generated, cloned, expressed and purified as described generally in Example 1, producing polymerase enzymes having the amino acid sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 14-16.

The purified mutant polymerases are screened for burst kinetics using the gel-based assay described above in Example 1 and compared to the control polymerase having the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13. Of those mutants that are screened, a panel of mutants are further screened for phasing/pre-phasing activity as generally described above in Example 1. Those polymerases having the following mutations are shown to have improved phasing and/or pre-phasing activity compared to the control:

Mutant SEQ ID NO: K477M 14 K477M 15 L408A Y409A P410I K477M 15 L408A Y409A P410V K477M 15 L408A Y409A P410A K477M 16 Y409A

EXAMPLE 6 Screen of Mutants of Pfu Exo⁻ Polymerase

Based upon analysis of sequence alignment to the 9° N polymerase backbone sequence (see FIG. 1), specific mutations to Pyrococcus furiosus (Pfu) Exo⁻ polymerase backbone sequence (SEQ ID NO: 17) are generated, cloned, expressed and purified as described generally in Example 1, producing polymerase enzymes having the amino acid sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 18-20.

The purified mutant polymerases are screened for burst kinetics using the gel-based assay described above in Example 1 and compared to the control polymerase having the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17. Of those mutants that are screened, a panel of mutants are further screened for phasing/pre-phasing activity as generally described above in Example 1. Those polymerases having the following mutations are shown to have improved phasing and/or pre-phasing activity compared to the control:

Mutant SEQ ID NO: K477M 18 K477M 19 L408A Y409A P410I K477M 19 L408A Y409A P410V K477M 19 L408A Y409A P410A K477M 20 Y409A

EXAMPLE 7 Screen of Mutants of KOD1 Exo⁻ Polymerase

Based upon analysis of sequence alignment to the 9° N polymerase backbone sequence (see FIG. 1), specific mutations to Thermococcus kodakaraensis (KOD1) Exo⁻ polymerase backbone sequence (SEQ ID NO: 21) are generated, cloned, expressed and purified as described generally in Example 1, producing polymerase enzymes having the amino acid sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 22-24.

The purified mutant polymerases are screened for burst kinetics using the gel-based assay described above in Example 1 and compared to the control polymerase having the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 21. Of those mutants that are screened, a panel of mutants are further screened for phasing/pre-phasing activity as generally described above in Example 1. Those polymerases having the following mutations are shown to have improved phasing and/or pre-phasing activity compared to the control:

Mutant SEQ ID NO: K477M 22 K477M 23 L408A Y409A P410I K477M 23 L408A Y409A P410V K477M 23 L408A Y409A P410A K477M 24 Y409A

EXAMPLE 8 Screen of Mutants of MMS2 Exo⁻ Polymerase

Based upon analysis of sequence alignment to the 9° N polymerase backbone sequence (see FIG. 1), specific mutations to Methanococcus maripaludis (MMS2) Exo⁻ polymerase backbone sequence (SEQ ID NO: 25) are identified based upon homology in an alignment with 9° N polymerase (see FIG. 2). The mutants are generated, cloned, expressed and purified as described generally in Example 1, producing polymerase enzymes having the amino acid sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 26-28.

The purified mutant polymerases are screened for burst kinetics using the gel-based assay described above in Example 1 and compared to the control polymerase having the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 25. Of those mutants that are screened, a panel of mutants are further screened for phasing/pre-phasing activity as generally described above in Example 1. Those polymerases having the following mutations are shown to have improved phasing and/or pre-phasing activity compared to the control:

Mutant SEQ ID NO: Q493M 26 Q493M 27 L417A Y418A P419I Q493M 27 L417A Y418A P419V Q493M 27 L417A Y418A P419A Q493M 28 Y418A

Throughout this application various publications, patents and/or patent applications have been referenced. The disclosure of these publications in their entireties is hereby incorporated by reference in this application.

The term comprising is intended herein to be open-ended, including not only the recited elements, but further encompassing any additional elements.

A number of embodiments have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An altered polymerase comprising at least one amino acid substitution mutation at the position functionally equivalent to Lys477 in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence.
 2. The altered polymerase of claim 1, wherein said substitution mutation comprises a mutation to a residue having a smaller side chain.
 3. The altered polymerase of claim 1, wherein said substitution mutation comprises a mutation to a residue having a hydrophobic side chain.
 4. The altered polymerase of claim 1, wherein said substitution mutation comprises a mutation homologous to Lys477Met in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence.
 5. The altered polymerase of claim 1, wherein the polymerase is a DNA polymerase.
 6. The altered polymerase of claim 1, wherein the DNA polymerase is a family B type DNA polymerase.
 7. The altered polymerase of claim 6 which is selected from the group consisting of a family B archael DNA polymerase, human DNA polymerase-α, T4, RB69, and phi29 phage DNA polymerase.
 8. The altered polymerase of claim 7, wherein the family B archael DNA polymerase is from a genus selected from the group consisting of Thermococcus Pyrococcus, andMethanococcus.
 9. The family B archael DNA polymerase of claim 7 which is selected from the group consisting of Vent, Deep Vent, 9° N, and Pfu polymerase.
 10. The altered polymerase of claim 9, wherein the family B archael DNA polymerase is 9° N polymerase.
 11. The altered polymerase of claim 1, wherein the altered polymerase further comprises substitution mutations at positions functionally equivalent to Leu408 and/or Tyr409 and/or Pro410 in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence.
 12. The altered polymerase of claim 11, wherein the altered polymerase comprises substitution mutations homologous to Leu408Ala and/or Tyr409Ala and/or Pro410Ile in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence.
 13. The altered polymerase of claim 1, wherein the altered polymerase comprises reduced exonuclease activity as compared to a wild type polymerase.
 14. The altered polymerase of claim 13, wherein the altered polymerase comprises substitution mutations at positions functionally equivalent to Asp141 and/or Glu143 in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence.
 15. The altered polymerase of claim 1, wherein the altered polymerase further comprises substitution mutations at positions functionally equivalent to Ala485 in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence.
 16. The altered polymerase of claim 15, wherein the polymerase comprises a substitution mutation functionally equivalent to Ala485Leu or Ala485Val in the 9° N polymerase amino acid sequence.
 17. The altered polymerase of claim 1, further comprising a substitution mutation to a different amino acid at the position functionally equivalent to Cys223 in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence.
 18. The altered polymerase of claim 17, wherein the polymerase comprises a substitution mutation functionally equivalent to Cys223Ser in the 9° N polymerase amino acid sequence.
 19. The altered polymerase of claim 1, further comprising a substitution mutation to a different amino acid at the position functionally equivalent to Thr514 in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence.
 20. The altered polymerase of claim 19, wherein the polymerase comprises a substitution mutation functionally equivalent to Thr514Ala or Thr514Ser in the 9° N polymerase amino acid sequence.
 21. The altered polymerase of claim 1, further comprising a substitution mutation to a different amino acid at the position functionally equivalent to Ile521 in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence.
 22. The altered polymerase of claim 21, wherein the polymerase comprises a substitution mutation functionally equivalent to Ile521Leu in the 9° N polymerase amino acid sequence.
 23. An altered polymerase comprising a substitution mutation to the semi-conserved domain comprising the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 1-4 wherein the substitution mutation comprises a mutation selected from a substitution at position 3 to any residue other than Lys, Ile or Gln.
 24. The altered polymerase of claim 23, wherein the mutation comprises a substitution at position 3 to Met.
 25. The altered polymerase of claim 23, wherein the altered polymerase further comprises substitution mutations at positions functionally equivalent to Leu408 and/or Tyr409 and/or Pro410 in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence.
 26. The altered polymerase of claim 25, wherein the altered polymerase comprises substitution mutations homologous to Leu408Ala and/or Tyr409Ala and/or Pro410Ile in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence.
 27. The altered polymerase of claim 23, wherein the altered polymerase comprises reduced exonuclease activity as compared to a wild type polymerase.
 28. The altered polymerase of claim 27, wherein the altered polymerase comprises substitution mutations at positions functionally equivalent to Asp141 and/or Glu143 in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence.
 29. The altered polymerase of claim 23, wherein the altered polymerase further comprises substitution mutations at positions functionally equivalent to Ala485 in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence.
 30. The altered polymerase of claim 29, wherein the polymerase comprises a substitution mutation functionally equivalent to Ala485Leu or Ala485Val in the 9° N polymerase amino acid sequence.
 31. The altered polymerase of claim 23, further comprising a substitution mutation to a different amino acid at the position functionally equivalent to Cys223 in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence.
 32. The altered polymerase of claim 31, wherein the polymerase comprises a substitution mutation functionally equivalent to Cys223Ser in the 9° N polymerase amino acid sequence.
 33. An altered polymerase comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 6-8, 10-12, 14-16, 18-20, 22-24 and 26-28, 30 and
 32. 34. A recombinant DNA polymerase comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 29, which recombinant DNA polymerase comprises at the position functionally equivalent to Lys477 in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence.
 35. A recombinant DNA polymerase comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 31, which recombinant DNA polymerase comprises at the position functionally equivalent to Lys477 in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence.
 36. A recombinant DNA polymerase comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 5, which recombinant DNA polymerase comprises at least one amino acid substitution mutation at one or more positions functionally equivalent to Lys477 in the 9° N DNA polymerase amino acid sequence. 